M. Khattak, SH. Habib and M. Irfan (2026). Effect of a non-energy restricted ketogenic diet on cognition in sedentary healthy young adults. Physiology international, 113(1), 81-96. https://doi.org/10.1556/2060.2025.00743

PubMed 41556984

[Abstract]
BACKGROUND: Ketogenic diet (KD) is increasingly recognized as a strategy to combat obesity. However, its effects on cognition in sedentary healthy young adults remain underexplored.

METHODS: In a quasi-experimental design, 186 participants were screened, 78 excluded based on predefined criteria, leaving 108 healthy adults (age 25-45 years, BMI 18-29.9 kg m-2, sedentary <5,000 steps/day) assigned to either KD group (<5% carbohydrates, 20-25% protein, 70-75% fat; n = 54) or control group (regular diet ∼50-65% carbohydrates; n = 54). Participants underwent a 4 weeks' dietary intervention. Cognitive domains were assessed at baseline and post intervention using validated computer-based test battery. Pre, mid and post weight, BMI, blood ketones and fasting glucose were also measured. Forty-three participants in the KD group and 38 in the control group completed the trial.

RESULTS: Four weeks of non-energy restricted KD improved processing speed, semantic memory, working memory, episodic memory, fluid cognition, crystallized cognition and overall cognitive composite scores (all P ≤ 0.001) versus controls. Attention and inhibitory control (P = 0.46) and cognitive flexibility (P = 0.21) showed no significant differences. Blood ketones increased (0.12-1.32 mmol L-1, P < 0.001) in KD participants versus controls (0.118-0.105 mmol L-1, P = 0.94). KD reduced weight (P < 0.001), BMI (P < 0.001) and fasting glucose (P < 0.001). Post intervention ketones predicted cognitive gain in most cognitive domains except attention & inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility.

CONCLUSION: Short term KD intervention enhances memory, processing speed, fluid, crystallized and overall cognitive function composite scores in sedentary healthy adults.