P. Karimzadeh, M. Kachuei, S. Eghdami, MB. Beglar and M. Azizi (2025). Outcomes of Ketogenic Diet in Pediatric Intractable Epilepsy and Neurometabolic Disorders: Insights From the First Iranian Registry. Pediatric neurology, 169, 115-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2025.05.013

PubMed 40494057

[Abstract]
BACKGROUND: The ketogenic diet (KD) is characterized by its high-fat, moderate-protein, and low-carbohydrate composition, promoting elevated ketone body levels. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of KD in pediatric patients with intractable epilepsy and neurometabolic disorders using data from the first Iranian registry system.

METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the pediatric neurology clinic of Mofid Hospital, Iran, from 2019 to 2022. Sixty-five pediatric patients (38 boys, 27 girls; mean age 7.8 ± 3.09 years) with refractory epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder, or neurometabolic disorders were included. Patients received different KD types (classic, modified Atkins diet, low glycemic index treatment). Data on seizure frequency, developmental outcomes, and complications were collected and analyzed using SPSS v24.

RESULTS: At one and three months postinitiation of KD, a significant reduction in seizure frequency was observed in >50% of patients, with some achieving seizure freedom (no episode of seizure in the six months period of the study). Developmental outcomes improved significantly, with reductions in movement delay (from 62% to 37%), language delay (from 84% to 43.3%), and mental delay (from 89% to 45%) (P < 0.05). The most common reasons for KD discontinuation were gastrointestinal intolerance (lethargy, nausea, vomiting) and lack of family cooperation.

CONCLUSIONS: The ketogenic diet is an effective and safe therapeutic option for pediatric patients with refractory epilepsy and neurometabolic disorders. The findings underscore the value of patient registry systems for optimizing KD management and reducing adverse effects. Future studies with larger cohorts and extended follow-ups are necessary to confirm these results and refine clinical recommendations.