C. Cobelli, R. Nosadini, G. Toffolo, A. McCulloch, A. Avogaro, A. Tiengo, et al. (1982). Model of the kinetics of ketone bodies in humans. The American journal of physiology, 243(1), R7-17. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1982.243.1.R7

PubMed 7091397

[Abstract]
The kinetics of ketone bodies was studied in normal humans by giving a combined bolus intravenous injection of labeled acetoacetate ([14C]AcAc) and D(--)-beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-[14C]-OHB) to seven subjects after an overnight fast, on two different occasions, and by collecting frequent blood samples for 100 min. Kinetic data were analyzed with both noncompartmental and compartmental modeling techniques. A four-compartment model, representing AcAc and beta-OHB in blood and two equilibrating ketone body compartments, inside the liver and extrahepatic tissues, was chosen as the most reliable mathematical representation; it is physiologically plausible and was able to accurately fit the data. The model permitted evaluation of the in vivo rate of ketone body production in the liver, the individual plasma clearance rates of AcAc and beta-OHB, their initial volumes of distribution, and the transfer rate parameters among the four ketone body compartments. Moreover, the model provided estimates of the components of the rates of appearance of AcAc and beta-OHB in plasma due to newly synthesized ketone body from acetyl-CoA in the liver, and to interconversion and recycling in the liver and extrahepatic tissues. The model also was used to evaluate other methodologies currently employed in the analysis of ketone body turnover data: the conventional approach based on use of the combined specific activity of AcAc and beta-OHB required assumptions not satisfied in vivo, leading to substantial errors in key parameter estimates.