G. Palaiologos, H. Philippidis, H. Chomatas, D. Iakovou and A. Linardou (1987). Effects of branched chain amino acids, pyruvate, or ketone bodies on the free amino acid pool and release from brain cortex slices of normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Neurochemical research, 12(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00971356

PubMed 2883589

[Abstract]
Brain cortex slices from diabetic rats incubated in Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate (KRB)--glucose medium show, compared to the normals, a 75% higher glutamine content. Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) added, at 0.5mM each, to this medium increase (53%) the glutamine content in the normal slices but have no effect on the glutamine content in the slices from diabetic rats. When the incubation medium is KRB-pyruvate, glutamine and glutamate contents are lower than in the KRB-glucose medium. The addition of BCAA in the KRB-pyruvate medium partially restores the contents of glutamine in the normal and of glutamine plus glutamate in the diabetic. Keto acids or BCAA added to the incubation medium of normal slices decrease the pool of most of the neutral and acidic amino acids but they do not affect this pool in slices from the diabetic rats. In addition keto acids increase the ratio glutamate in the tissue: glutamate in the medium.