I. Pietrzak, B. Mianowska, A. Zmysłowska, W. Fendler, W. Młynarski and A. Szadkowska (2013). [Epidemiology and clinical course of diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus]. Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism, 19(4), 137-42.

PubMed 25612813

[Abstract]
INTRODUCTION: Despite the progress in diagnosis and treatment of type 1 diabetes, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is still a serious clinical problem. The aim of the study was too describe the epidemiology and clinical characteristic of DKA in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Medical records of 650 patients with type 1 diabetes who were under care of the Outpatient Clinic for Diabetic Children of the Medical University of Lodz from 1st January 2007 till 31 December 2009 were analysed.

RESULTS: 101 cases of DKA were reported; the incidence of DKA was 5.2/100 patients /year. Episodes of DKA occurred in 89 patients (39 girls and 50 boys). In 82 patients 1 episode of DKA was recorded, in 3 patients - 2 episodes, in 3 patients - 3 episodes and in 1 patient - 4 episodes. 58.4% (59/101) of DKA episodes occurred in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes (mean age: 8.04-4.78 years) and 41.6% (42/101) - in children with established type 1 diabetes (mean age: 13.3-3.37). DKA was diagnosed in 26,1% of children with new onset of the disease. The most frequent causes of DKA in patients with established type 1 diabetes were noncompliance (22/42) and acute infectious diseases (12/42). Severe DKA was diagnosed in 19/101 episodes, moderate - in 36/101 and mild - in 46/101. No lethal complication of DKA was recorded. The following complications of DKA were observed: dyselectrolitemia (68/101), acute pancreatitis (5/101), gastrorrhagia (1/101), insulin oedema (1/101). Mean duration of hospitalization was 12.03-5.58 days.

CONCLUSIONS: Newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes is the main cause of DKA in children and adolescents.In established type 1 diabetes the most frequent cause of DKA is poor quality of self-management. Dyselectrolitemia is the most frequent complication of DKA in children. Acute pancreatitis should be considered in a young patient with DKA.