SJ. Brink (1999). Diabetic ketoacidosis. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). Supplement, 88(427), 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb14335.x

PubMed 10195849

[Abstract]
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a true pediatric and medical emergency. Diagnosis should be entertained and confirmed within 30 min of presentation. Any delay in making the diagnosis or instituting fluid and electrolyte correction is likely to increase morbidity and mortality. Slow and careful monitoring and correction of water, sodium and potassium levels should decrease DKA-associated problems with either continuous intravenous low-dose insulin or intramuscular insulin protocols designed to slowly bring the hyperglycemic and hyperosmotic state towards normal homeostasis. Special attention should be paid to potassium replenishment. Most patients do not require bicarbonate replacement. Cerebral edema, when it occurs, is associated with an approximately 50% morbidity and mortality; therefore, all attempts should be made at early recognition and prevention since treatment is less than ideal. Recurrent ketoacidosis is often related to omitted insulin and major psychosocial turmoil in the family, such as depression substance abuse, physical and/or sexual abuse. Prevention of recurrent DKA remains a major challenge for diabetologists and involves detailed assessment of family psychodynamics plus responsibility for home monitoring and insulin administration by a mature adult. Sick day guidelines should be taught and reviewed frequently in an effort to decrease ketoacidosis and metabolic decompensation during episodes of intercurrent illness.